In electrical engineering, ground or earth is a reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, ground pork recipes a direct physical connection to the Earth. Electrical circuits may be connected to ground for several reasons.
Exposed conductive parts of electrical equipment are connected to ground, to protect users from electrical shock hazard. If internal insulation fails, dangerous voltages may appear on the exposed conductive parts. Connection to ground also limits the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic-sensitive devices. An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. Long-distance electromagnetic telegraph systems from 1820 onwards used two or more wires to carry the signal and return currents. In the late nineteenth century, when telephony began to replace telegraphy, it was found that the currents in the earth induced by power systems, electric railways, other telephone and telegraph circuits, and natural sources including lightning caused unacceptable interference to the audio signals, and the two-wire or ‘metallic circuit’ system was reintroduced around 1883. Electrical power distribution systems are often connected to earth ground to limit the voltage that can appear on distribution circuits.
A distribution system insulated from earth ground may attain a high potential due to transient voltages caused by static electricity or accidental contact with higher potential circuits. An earth ground connection of the system dissipates such potentials and limits the rise in voltage of the grounded system. This is called “system grounding” and most electrical systems are required to be grounded. NEC and the UK’s BS 7671 list systems that are required to be grounded. Permanently installed electrical equipment, unless not required to, has permanently connected grounding conductors.
The size of power grounding conductors is usually regulated by local or national wiring regulations. Bonding is the practice of intentionally electrically connecting metallic items not designed to carry electricity. This brings all the bonded items to the same electrical potential as a protection from electrical shock. The bonded items can then be connected to ground to eliminate foreign voltages. The choice of earthing system has implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. Regulations for earthing systems vary considerably between different countries.
A functional earth connection serves more than protecting against electrical shock, as such a connection may carry current during the normal operation of a device. Such devices include surge suppression, electromagnetic-compatibility filters, some types of antennas, and various measurement instruments. Generally the protective earth system is also used as a functional earth, though this requires care. Distribution power systems may be solidly grounded, with one circuit conductor directly connected to an earth grounding electrode system. Alternatively, some amount of electrical impedance may be connected between the distribution system and ground, to limit the current that can flow to earth. In a polyphase AC system, an artificial neutral grounding system may be used.