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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article is about the concept in physics. Not to be confused with liquid. Although the term fluid generally includes both the liquid and gas phases, its definition varies among branches of science. Definitions of solid vary as well, and depending on field, some substances can be both fluid and solid. These properties are typically a function of their inability to support a shear stress in static equilibrium.

Solids respond with restoring forces to both shear stresses and to normal stresses—both compressive and tensile. Both solids and liquids have free surfaces, which cost some amount of free energy to form. In the case of solids, the amount of free energy to form a given unit of surface area is called surface energy, whereas for liquids the same quantity is called surface tension. In a solid, shear stress is a function of strain, but in a fluid, shear stress is a function of strain rate.

The study of fluids is fluid mechanics, which is subdivided into fluid dynamics and fluid statics depending on whether the fluid is in motion. Non-Newtonian fluids: where stress is not proportional to rate of strain, its higher powers and derivatives. Newtonian fluids follow Newton’s law of viscosity and may be called viscous fluids. Compressible fluid: A fluid that causes volume reduction or density change when pressure is applied to the fluid or when the fluid becomes supersonic. Newtonian and incompressible fluids do not actually exist, but are assumed to be for theoretical settlement.

Virtual fluids that completely ignore the effects of viscosity and compressibility are called perfect fluids. Drink plenty of fluids”: a systematic review of evidence for this recommendation in acute respiratory infections”. New York: Wiley, Revised Second Edition. This is so we or our partners can personalise our marketing to you.