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On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This article is about the city in Italy. For the food, see Bologna sausage. For the city in Corsica, see Balogna.
It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Bologna is an important agricultural, industrial, financial and transport hub, where many large mechanical, electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe. 2009, Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bologna. 28, the city was sacked and captured by the Lombards under King Liutprand, becoming part of that kingdom. After the death of Matilda of Tuscany in 1115, Bologna obtained substantial concessions from Emperor Henry V. During the late 1200s, Bologna was affected by political instability when the most prominent families incessantly fought for the control of the town.
The free commune was severely weakened by decades of infighting, allowing the Pope to impose the rule of his envoy Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget in 1327. In 1350, Bologna was conquered by archbishop Giovanni Visconti, the new lord of Milan. However, this was not evident in the 1500s, which were marked by some major developments in Bologna. It was only towards the end of the 16th century that severe signs of decline began to manifest.
A series of plagues in the late 16th to early 17th century reduced the population of the city from some 72,000 in the mid-16th century to about 47,000 by 1630. In the mid-1700s pope Benedict XIV, a Bolognese, tried to reverse the decline of the city with a series of reforms intended to stimulate the economy and promote the arts. However, these reforms achieved only mixed results. The economic and demographic decline of Bologna became even more noticeable starting in the second half of the 18th century. During this period, Papal economic policies included heavy customs duties and concessions of monopolies to single manufacturers. Napoleon entered Bologna on 19 June 1796. Bologna became a city of economic disparity with the top 10 percent of the population living off rent, another 20 percent exercising professions or commerce and 70 percent working in low-paid, often insecure manual jobs.
Papal rule finally ended in the aftermath of Second War of Italian Independence, when the French and Piedmontese troops expelled the Austrians from Italian lands, on 11 and 12 March 1860, Bologna voted to join the new Kingdom of Italy. After World War I, Bologna was heavily involved in the Biennio Rosso socialist uprisings. Sappers of the 136 Indian Railway Maintenance Company repair some of the extensive damage to the railyards in 1945. Bologna suffered extensive damage during World War II.