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This article is about all types of games in general. For games played on a consumer electronic, see Video game. Ancient Egyptian gaming board inscribed for Amenhotep III with separate sliding drawer, from 1390 to 1353 BC, made of glazed faience, dimensions: 5. The oldest full deck of playing cards known, the Flemish Hunting Deck, c.

Gaming table, circa 1735, wood and ivory marquetry, overall: 78. A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a chess championship. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both.

Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oldest known games. Look up game in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game.

Game designer Chris Crawford defined the term in the context of computers. Creative expression is art if made for its own beauty, and entertainment if made for money. A piece of entertainment is a plaything if it is interactive. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment. If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a toy. If it has goals, a plaything is a challenge.

Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the conflict is a competition. Competitions include racing and figure skating. However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game. Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain. A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal.

A game is a form of play with goals and structure. A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome. A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve their objectives in some limiting context. At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome.

When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation. Games can be characterized by “what the player does”. This is often referred to as gameplay. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game. A selection of pieces from different games.

From top: Chess pawns, marbles, Monopoly tokens, dominoes, Monopoly hotels, jacks and checkers pieces. Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board, play money, or an intangible item such as a point scored. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Game rules. Games are often characterized by their tools and rules.